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omnis, ācer, pār: third-declension adjectives

Adjectives of three, two and one ending, all with -ī in the ablative.

LatinIntermediate Latin · The third declensionAbout 3 min: 1 reading, 2 practiceUpdated

After this lesson you can
  • Tell adjectives of three, two and one ending apart
  • Decline omnis, ācer and pār
  • Make a third-declension adjective agree with a noun of any declension
Latin Level 2: verbs and the other declensions: lesson 23 of 35
  1. Intermediate Latin · Verbs: the present system
  2. sum: I am, I was, I shall be 3 min
  3. The present of amō and moneō 4 min
  4. The imperfect: was doing 4 min
  5. The future: will do 3 min
  6. The dative with adjectives 3 min
  7. The present of regō and audiō 4 min
  8. The imperfect of regō and audiō, and verbs that take the dative 3 min
  9. The future of regō and audiō 3 min
  10. capiō, and giving orders 3 min
  11. Intermediate Latin · The passive voice
  12. The passive: being done to 3 min
  13. The passive of regō, audiō and capiō; passive infinitives 3 min
  14. Synopses, and the ablative of "from" 3 min
  15. Intermediate Latin · The perfect tenses
  16. fuī, fueram, fuerō: the perfect tenses of sum 3 min
  17. The perfect active: did, have done 5 min
  18. Had done, will have done: pluperfect and future perfect active 3 min
  19. amātus sum: the perfect passive 4 min
  20. Principal parts, prepositions, and yes-or-no questions 5 min
  21. possum, "I can", and the infinitive 3 min
  22. Intermediate Latin · Pronouns
  23. quī, quae, quod: who, which, that 4 min
  24. Intermediate Latin · The third declension
  25. rēx, rēgis: the third declension 4 min
  26. hostis, urbs, mare: i-stems 4 min
  27. vīs and iter; gender in the third declension 4 min
  28. omnis, ācer, pār: third-declension adjectives 3 min
  29. Intermediate Latin · The fourth and fifth declensions
  30. manus, cornū: the fourth declension 3 min
  31. Rōmae, domī, Athēnīs: place and the locative 4 min
  32. diēs, rēs: the fifth declension and the ablative of time 3 min
  33. Intermediate Latin · Pronouns
  34. ego, tū, sē: personal and reflexive pronouns 4 min
  35. ipse, "himself", and īdem, "the same" 3 min
  36. hic, iste, ille: this and that 4 min
  37. aliquis, quīdam, quisque: someone, a certain, each 3 min
  38. Intermediate Latin · Comparison
  39. clārior, clārissimus: comparing adjectives 4 min
  40. melior, optimus: irregular comparison, plūs, and "by how much" 3 min
  41. clārē, fortiter: adverbs and their comparison 4 min
  42. Intermediate Latin · Numerals
  43. ūnus, duo, trēs: numerals, "of" the whole, and "for how long" 5 min
  44. Intermediate Latin · Deponent verbs
  45. hortor, sequor: deponent verbs 3 min

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Pairs with D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Ginn, 1909), Lesson XLV ("Adjectives of the Third Declension · I-Stems"), §§ 250–257

What it is

Adjectives are either first-and-second declension (bonus, -a, -um) or third declension. Third-declension adjectives come in three kinds, by how many nominative singular forms they have:

KindExampleMeaning
Three endings (-er)ācer, ācris, ācrekeen
Two endings (-is)omnis, omneevery, all
One endingpār (gen. paris)equal

Almost all are i-stems and decline like i-stem nouns. Omnis:

CaseMasc./Fem.Neuter
Nom.omnisomne
Gen.omnisomnis
Dat.omnīomnī
Acc.omnemomne
Abl.omnīomnī
Nom. pl.omnēsomnia
Gen. pl.omniumomnium
Acc. pl.omnīs, omnēsomnia

(Dative and ablative plural: omnibus.) All i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular, even where a noun would have -e.

Quick check

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  1. Ablative singular of fortis (brave)

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    fortī. Third-declension adjectives: ablative -ī.

Why it matters

Omnis, fortis, facilis, difficilis, brevis are some of the commonest adjectives in Latin. And an adjective keeps its own declension: omnis agricola and omnēs puellae use third-declension endings with first-declension nouns.

Worked example

  • Omnēs mīlitēs fortēs sunt. → All the soldiers are brave.
  • Puella fortis est. → The girl is brave. (fortis with a first-declension noun)
  • Rēx omnī legiōnī pīla dedit. → The king gave spears to every legion.

Common mistake

Expecting the adjective's ending to match the noun's: wrong: puella forta. Agreement is in gender, number and case, not spelling. Fortis is feminine here, so puella fortis.

Key terms

omnis, omne
every; plural all
fortis, forte
brave
facilis, facile
easy
difficilis, difficile
difficult
brevis, breve
short
ācer, ācris, ācre
keen, sharp
pār (gen. paris)
equal

Practise the key terms

Tap a card to turn it over. 7 cards.

FrontBack
omnis, omneevery; plural all
fortis, fortebrave
facilis, facileeasy
difficilis, difficiledifficult
brevis, breveshort
ācer, ācris, ācrekeen, sharp
pār (gen. paris)equal

Practice

Sort it

How many nominative endings?

  1. ācer, ācris, ācre

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    Three. Adjectives in -er have three.

  2. omnis, omne

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    Two. Adjectives in -is have two.

  3. pār, paris

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    One. Same form for all genders.

  4. brevis, breve

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    Two. -is / -e.

  5. facilis, facile

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    Two. -is / -e.

Quick quiz

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  1. "with a brave soldier"

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    cum mīlite fortī. mīlite (noun, -e) but fortī (i-stem adjective, -ī).

  2. "all the towns"

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    omnia oppida. Neuter plural: omnia.

Practise speaking

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You are a patient Latin tutor. Use the classical pronunciation only, never the Church one: c is always k, g is always hard, v sounds like w, ae like the ai in aisle, and long vowels are held longer. Speak slowly. Use only these Latin words: omnis, fortis, facilis, difficilis, brevis, puella, mīles, oppidum, legiō, parvus, est, sunt. Say an English sentence like 'all the soldiers are brave', 'the girl is brave' or 'every town is small', and I will say it in Latin, making the adjective agree. Do 8 sentences. After each answer, tell me what kind of mistake I made, if any, and let me try again, then tell me one thing to improve. Keep every reply under 2 sentences. If I need a name or a town, I will make one up. Speak English except for the Latin itself.

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Good to know. AI feedback on pronunciation is hit and miss, so check yourself against native recordings. This course teaches the classical pronunciation (see lesson 1); AI voices may mix it with the Church (Italian-style) one, so ask for classical and check against lesson 1. Don't share personal details: use a made-up name and town.

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In short

  • Three endings (-er), two (-is, -e), one (pār).
  • Declined like i-stems; ablative singular always -ī.
  • Neuter plural -ia; genitive plural -ium.
  • They can go with nouns of any declension.

Mastery check

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Check yourself

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  1. Give the neuter nominative plural of facilis.

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    facilia.

  2. Translate Omnēs cīvēs fortēs sunt.

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    All the citizens are brave.

  3. Why is it puella fortis, not puella forta?

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    Fortis is a third-declension adjective: its feminine nominative is fortis.

Further reading

  • D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners, Lesson XLV, §§ 250–257. Public domain; Project Gutenberg.